When someone's drowning, it may not look like the violent, splashing call for help that most people expect from watching TV. When someone’s actually drowning, they won’t able to make any noise, so can easily go unnoticed, even if friends or family are nearby.

Drowning is when someone is unable to breathe because their nose and mouth are submerged in water, or in another liquid.  Babies are particularly vulnerable to drowning incidents, even in wading pools because they sometimes don't have enough strength to pick up their heads.  So, to keep your family safe this summer:

​Drowning prevention – what you need to know

1. Children should be supervised in the water at all times. Don’t rely on older children to supervise
2. It’s not just young children who are at risk. Older children and teens can get into trouble, especially while ‘wild’ swimming. Strong currents, deep water and objects lurking under the water are unlikely to be obvious
3. Don’t assume that because a child can swim, they will be safe
4. Drowning happens silently! As drowning occurs, the instinctive drowning response means that a child is unable to speak or to control their arm movements, and they slip quietly under the water – it’s a myth that they splash about, shout or scream 
5. Don’t rely on lifeguards – provision, training and legislation varies in different countries, and lifeguards may have other duties
6. Even if you’ve taken steps to make your garden or environment safe, children have drowned after wandering into neighbouring gardens. Be mindful of this at home and on holiday
7. Research shows the most common times for children to drown on holiday are the first and the last days – don’t let your guard down at any time
8. Empty paddling pools when they’re not in use 
9. At the beach, wind blowing off the land can make the sea look flat, calm and safe but it can easily sweep inflatables quickly out to sea, and children will be tempted to go after them
10. Finally, expect children to do unexpected things. They can’t be relied on to keep themselves safe, even if they say they can!

​Someone is drowning:
If someone is unconscious in water, get them out as quickly as possible but never put yourself in danger!   The Drowning Chain of Survival is a “call action” and is simple to follow:



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• Once the person is on dry land, turn them on their back, tilt their head and lift the chin to open the airway
• Ask someone to call 112 for medical help
• If the person is unresponsive and not breathing, give them five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
• If there is a defibrillator available, use it immediately
• Keep giving CPR until help arrives, the casualty regains responsiveness, or you’re too exhausted to keep going
• If they start to breathe and regain consciousness swiftly put them into the recovery position, treat them for hypothermia by covering them with warm clothes and blankets.  If they recover completely, replace their wet clothes with dry ones
• Keep checking breathing, pulse and level of response until help arrives

IMPORTANT: Anyone who has been in a near-drowning situation should be checked by a doctor as secondary drowning can occur many hours later.

For further advice on drowning and taking your child swimming: 
www.rospa.com/leisure-safety/water/advice/taking-children-swimming/
www.capt.org.uk/drowning

Kate Ellwood  26/06/2019 
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​Life First provides this information for guidance and it is not in any way a substitute for medical advice. Life First is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made, or actions taken based on this information. It is strongly advised that you attend a First Aid course to understand what to do in a medical emergency.

If a lithium coin cell battery gets stuck in a child’s food pipe, it can cause catastrophic internal bleeding and death within hours of being swallowed.

Button batteries, especially big, powerful lithium coin cell batteries, can badly injure or kill a child if they are swallowed and get stuck in the food pipe.  Button batteries are small, round batteries that come in many different sizes and types. Lithium button batteries (often called ‘coin batteries’ or ‘coin cell batteries’) are most dangerous as they are larger and more powerful.

So, it’s important to keep spare and ‘dead’ lithium coin cell batteries and any objects with easily accessible lithium coin cell batteries out of children’s reach, and to act fast if you think your child may have swallowed one.

Children most at risk are between 1 and 4 years, but younger and older children can also be at risk.

Why are button batteries dangerous?
Most button batteries pass through the body without a problem. But if a button battery - particularly a lithium coin cell battery - gets stuck in the food pipe, energy from the battery reacts with saliva to make the body create caustic soda. This is the same chemical used to unblock drains!  This can burn a hole through the food pipe and can lead to catastrophic internal bleeding and death. The reaction can happen in as little as two hours.  Button batteries are also dangerous if they get stuck in a child’s nose or ear.

The size and power of the button battery and the size of the child matter. With a large, powerful lithium coin cell battery – for example a 3V CR2025 or CR2032 – and a small child, the risks are greatest.

Where do children find button batteries?
Typically, children find spare batteries in a drawer, get hold of ‘flat’ batteries that have fallen onto the floor or down the sofa, or take batteries from products like gaming headsets, car key fobs or slim audio visual remote controls.
Spare batteries
Products may come with a spare lithium coin battery in a small plastic bag.  When you buy replacement batteries, some are individually sealed in the pack and can only be removed with scissors.  But, with others, especially cheaper ones you buy online or in discount stores, once you open the pack, all the batteries come out and some may fall on the floor.  Spares often end up being stored in open containers or loose in a drawer.
‘Flat’ or ‘dead’ batteries
It’s not just fully charged lithium coin cell batteries that pose a risk.  Modern devices need a lot of power. When power levels drop, we think the battery is flat and discard it.  But, it can still have enough electrical charge left to badly injure a child.

Batteries in toys, gadgets and novelty items
Button batteries are used in an increasingly wide range of toys, novelty items, gadgets and other everyday objects you’ll find around the house.  Lots of these objects have buttons and surfaces that young children love to explore and play with.  Many are brightly coloured or otherwise appealing to children.  These include:

• robot bug or fish toys
• light-up head bands
• gaming headsets
• slim remote controls
• car key fobs
• key finders
• children’s thermometers
• kitchen or bathroom scales
• musical cards
• novelty items like singing Santas and flashing wands
• fitness trackers
• fidget spinners with LED lights
• 3D glasses
• flameless candles, nightlights and tea lights

Children’s toys
Batteries in children’s toys should either be enclosed by a screw and a secure compartment, or need two independent or simultaneous movements to open the battery compartment.  But, toys bought online or from markets, discount stores or temporary shops may not follow toy safety regulations.  And remember that older children may still be able to open secure battery compartments.

Who is at risk?

• Children are most at risk from 1 to 4 years, but younger and older children can also be at risk.
• Babies and toddlers are at particular risk as they explore the world by putting things in their mouths. Toddlers are naturally inquisitive and can be determined to explore and get into things.
• Older children can be fascinated by them too. In some cases, they may deliberately put one of these batteries in their mouth or on their tongue to experience the sensation of the electrical charge.

How big is the risk?
At least two children a year have died as a result of swallowing lithium coin cell batteries in the UK.
We don’t know how many children are taken to A&E, admitted to hospital or suffer life-changing injuries. 
In Australia, an estimated 4 children a week go to A&E with an injury related to a button battery.

How can I keep children safe?

• Keep all spare batteries in a sealed container in a high cupboard
• Keep products well out of children’s reach if the battery compartment isn’t secured
• Put ‘flat’ or ‘dead’ batteries out of children’s reach straight away and recycle them safely
• Avoid toys from markets, discount stores or temporary shops as they may not conform to safety regulations, and take care when buying online or from overseas
• Teach older children that button batteries are dangerous and not to play with them or give them to younger brothers and sisters

What situations have accidents already happened in?
Little exploring fingers have found lithium coin cell batteries when:

• A product is dropped and the battery falls out
• A battery is ‘flat’ and has been taken out and left on a worktop or table
• A packet of batteries is opened and the batteries spill out under the sofa or a cupboard
• Spare batteries are stored in an easy-to-reach drawer in the lounge or kitchen
• The button battery compartment of a toy or other device isn’t secured

There are NO OBVIOUS SYMPTOMS!
Unfortunately it is not obvious when a button battery is stuck in a child’s food pipe. There are no specific symptoms associated with this. The child may:

• cough, gag or drool a lot
• appear to have a stomach upset or a virus
• be sick
• point to their throat or tummy
• have a pain in their tummy, chest or throat
• be tired or lethargic
• be quieter or more clingy than usual or otherwise ‘not themselves’
• lose their appetite or have a reduced appetite
• not want to eat solid food / be unable to eat solid food

But these sorts of symptoms vary.  Plus, the symptoms may fluctuate, with the pain increasing and then subsiding.
One thing specific to button battery ingestion is vomiting fresh (bright red) blood.  If the child does this then seek immediate medical help. 
The lack of clear symptoms is why it is important to be vigilant with ‘flat’ or spare button batteries in the home and the products that contain them.

IF YOU SUSPECT YOUR CHILD HAS SWALLOWED A BUTTON BATTERY, ACT FAST!

• Take them straight to the A&E department at your local hospital or call 112 for an ambulance
• Tell the doctor there that you think your child has swallowed a button battery
• If you have the battery packaging or the product powered by the battery, take it with you. This will help the doctor identify the type of battery and make treatment easier
• Do not let your child eat or drink
• Do not make them sick
• Trust your instincts and act fast – do not wait to see if any symptoms develop

Adapted by Kate Ellwood from: www.capt.org.uk/button-batteries (24/06/2019) 
​Life First provides this information for guidance and it is not in any way a substitute for medical advice. Life First is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made, or actions taken based on this information. It is strongly advised that you attend a First Aid course to understand what to do in a medical emergency.

Most broken bones in children happen from a fall, in an accident or while playing sports.  A break or crack in a bone is called a fracture.

What Are the Kinds of Broken Bones?

In most cases the damage to the bone will be under the skin, which is called a closed fracture, but sometimes bits of the bone can puncture through the skin to become an open fracture.  In both cases you'll need to treat the person for shock.  Even if you can't see any blood, the break might have caused some internal bleeding.

To break a fully-grown bone, a huge amount of force is needed.  But bones that are still growing are supple and can split, crack or bend quite easily, a bit like a twig.  Types of bone fractures include:

• A greenstick fracture: a break on one side of the bone only
• A buckle or torus fracture: an outward bend on one side of the bone without breaking the other side
• An avulsion fracture: when a tendon or ligament pulls off of a tiny piece of bone
• A growth plate fracture: a break in the area of a child or teen's growing bone
• A stress fracture: a tiny crack in the bone
• A comminuted fracture: a bone breaks into more than two pieces
• A compression fracture: a collapsing of the bone

How do I know its broken? 

There are seven things to look for if you suspect a fracture:

1. Swelling, bruising, tenderness
2. Difficulty moving the injured part or hurts when moving, being touched, or bearing weight
3. Movement in an unnatural direction
4. A limb that looks shorter, twisted or bent
5. A grating noise or feeling
6. Loss of strength
7. Shock

If the break is small or it's just a crack, there may not be much pain or even realise that a bone has been broken.  No matter what part might be broken or how big or small the injury may seem, all broken bones need medical care. 

What to do when you suspect a fracture:

• Do not attempt to move or reposition the injured limb
• Apply an ice pack wrapped in cloth
• Encourage the person to support the injury with their hand or use a cushion or items of clothing to prevent unnecessary movement.  This should help relieve pain and prevent further damage
• Support the limb above and below the injury if possible
• Call 112 as soon as possible.  If you can’t call 112, get someone else to do it.
• Continue supporting the injury until help arrives
• If it is an open fracture, cover the wound with a sterile dressing and secure it with a bandage.  Apply pressure around the wound to control any bleeding.

While waiting for medical help to arrive:

• Keep checking the casualty for signs of shock.  This does not mean emotional shock, but is a life-threatening condition, often caused by losing blood.
• If they lose responsiveness at any point, open their airway, check their breathing and prepare to treat someone who’s become unresponsive 
• The injured person should not eat or drink in case surgery is required.

​ Call 112 Right Away If:

• You or someone else had a serious injury to the head, neck, or back.
• A broken bone comes through the skin.

​Suspected poisoning is one of the most common reasons for young children to be taken to A&E.  Did you know…?

• Child-resistant tops and strip and blister packs for tablets help to slow children down but they are not childproof.  Some 3-4 year olds can open them in seconds!

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• Swallowing medicines, like everyday painkillers that you might keep in your handbag or bedside cabinet, is the most common way for children to be poisoned.

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• The detergent capsules and concentrated liquids under the kitchen sink can harm children too – they can cause accidental poisoning but also squirt into the eyes and cause damage.  The capsules come in boxes that aren’t child-resistant.

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• The chances of childhood poisoning increase when usual household routines are disrupted. For example, you might need to take extra care if your family has recently moved, is on holiday or is visiting friends.

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Safety reminders – how to stop children from being poisoned

First steps
At around 6 months babies start to put things in their mouths, which means they are at risk of swallowing something harmful.  You can stop them from getting hold of poisonous things.
 
The best place to keep medicines is locked away or up high where your baby can’t come across them.  Fit safety catches on any low cupboard doors and drawers and make sure bottle tops and lids are on properly.

Don’t forget the painkillers in your handbag on the floor or the ones on the bedside table.

Before your baby starts to crawl and move around, move the cleaning products from around the toilet or under the kitchen sink into a high cupboard out of sight.

Look out for products that contain a bittering agent like Bitrex.  It tastes so horrible that it means that children are much more likely to spit the dangerous chemical out.

Remember, the newer liquid detergent capsules can be dangerous too - if children squeeze or bite them the liquid can squirt out.  Keep them stored safely away.

Toddlers
Toddlers love to explore and will copy what you do.  This means they are more at risk from poisoning than any other age group.  Here’s how to make sure your toddler stays safe from poisoning. 

Keeping your medicines and cleaning things locked up or out of reach and sight is the safest way to protect your toddler.  Ideally put them in a high lockable cupboard.  It’s best to keep them in a room which people use a lot.  That means if your child has climbed up on a chair or worktop and is exploring in cupboards they are more likely to be seen by an adult or brother or sister.

'Child resistant' caps are not 'child-proof'.  Some 3-4 year olds can open them in seconds, so make sure they're locked away too.

Toddlers like to copy what you do.  Try to take your medicine when your toddler isn’t watching.

Avoid pretending your child’s medicine is a sweet, even if it’s hard to get them to take it.  It can be confusing for your toddler.

When you’re visiting friends or relatives, take a few moments to look out for medicines or cleaning products lying around, like in Granny’s bedside table, so you’re not taken by surprise.

Even small amounts of alcohol can be harmful to small children, so clear up any glasses with alcohol dregs left in them.

Remember to be careful with aromatherapy oils, perfumes and cigarettes too as they can all be harmful to small children.
 
Young children
Children between 3 to 5 may know something about what they can safely eat, but they are still at risk from accidental poisoning.  They are much more likely to be able to open child-resistant tops too. 

Your child may easily be confused by colourful medicines that look like sweets.  So keep them locked safely away and in the original bottles.

Do the same with cleaning products, DIY or garden chemicals, whether they are kept in the house or the garden shed.

Plants in the garden can be confusing too.  Teach your child not to eat anything they pick outside. Poisonous berries can easily look like the ones they have in their pudding!

Medicine use and storage: specific tips

If your child or another family member needs to take medicine, there are some simple things you can do to minimise the risk of accidental poisoning or overdose:
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• Read the label, dosage and instructions carefully when your child needs to take medicine. Double-check everything before you give your child the medicine. If you’re not sure about how much to give or for how long, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

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• Avoid distractions when giving your child medicines. If possible, have a normal routine for giving or taking medicines. And always supervise your child while she’s taking medicine.

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• Set up a ‘checking system’ with your child’s other caregivers to avoid giving your child double doses of medicine.

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• Ask your pharmacist to put child-resistant caps on your medicines if they’re not already on the bottle. Make sure you always put the caps back on the bottles immediately and correctly after use.

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• Clean out your medicine cupboard regularly. Get rid of unwanted and out-of-date medicines and other poisons. You can return unwanted medicines to your local pharmacist for safe disposal.

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• Rinse empty medicine containers with water before you throw them out.

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• Refer to medicines by their proper names, rather than calling them ‘special lollies’.

Carbon Monoxide
You can't see, smell or taste it but if but if carbon monoxide creeps out from flame burning appliances it can kill children in seconds. 

Make sure that you have an audible carbon monoxide alarm fitted in your home – ideally one in every room with a fuel-burning appliance. 

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First Aid Burns treatment has previously been to hold the affected area under cool running water for at least ten minutes. This has changed, as of May 2019, the latest advice from an Australian research team at their national Centre for Children’s Burns – now adopted by the NHS, British Burn Association and more – is to extend the time that the burn should be treated to a full 20 minutes under cool running water. 
If you would like to read more then check out the post by Emma Hammett
https://onlinefirstaid.com/burns-how-to-treat-a-burn-lates…/